Explain. We have an incomplete understanding of the extent or distribution of pathology required to produce neurological dysfunction or to distinguish diseased from healthy tissue, with the neuropathological changes reported in apparently asymptomatic individuals.”[33], Neuropsychologist Munro Cullum argues: “I worry the pendulum has swung too far. a. 57 Daniel Goldberg, What Does the Precautionary Principle Demand of Us? Why, then, do you think they oppose letting adults choose freely to play football? Over time more evidence has indicated that even mild concussions suffered by high school football players can cause serious consequences. Thus, this is a non-consequential theory as the decision of whether an act is good or bad does not depend on its consequence. After a single season, college football players had less midbrain white matter than they had started with. How about the reverse—why do many people who believe football players should be free to decide what they do with their bodies take decidedly un-libertarian positions on issues such as abortion, marijuana legalization, and assisted suicide? b. Steve Almond argues that “a civilian leisure class … has created, for its own entertainment, a caste of warriors too big and strong and fast to play a child’s game without grievously injuring one another.”. The word deontology comes from the Greek word deon, meaning “obligation” or “duty.”It is an ethical system primarily concerned with one’s duty. Some take the view that the NFL has acted like the tobacco industry did when it was confronted with lawsuits seeking to prove to juries that smoking caused cancer. [90] J.S. The question of doing what is right or what is wrong took on a new meaning in the 18th century. Ramogi Huma, executive director of the National College Players Association, argued that schools should be required to fully inform [college] players about the risks of playing football now, including information about their susceptibilities to underlying health conditions. The most distinctive feature of deontological moral conceptions is that they deï¬ne fundamental principles of right and justice in terms other than taking the most effective means to promote maxi- ⦠One of the oldest amber deposits in the world, dating back 100 million years, is located in the Northern region of Myanmar. [8] Jeanne Marie Laskas, Concussion (2015). This statistic is up 61% from 2002-2007, perhaps reflecting an improvement of awareness and reporting. [31] Christie Aschwanden, Football’s Concussion Crisis is Awash with Pseudoscience, Wired.com, Oct. 2, 2019. [32] Matt Ventresca & Mary G. McDonald, Forces of Impact: Critically Examining Sport’s “Concussion Crisis,” in Sociolcultural Examinations of Sports Concussions (Ventresca & McDonald, eds., 2019). Regarding sports concussions, President Obama stated: “We have to change a culture that says ‘you suck it up and play through a brain injury…. Deontological Ethics – Duty-Based Morality Deontological ethics is a theory of morality based on a “nonconsequentialist” view of people and moral decision-making. [71] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harm_principle. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Help support true facts by becoming a member. Would you prevent kids under 14 from playing tackle football? [67] Adam M. Finkel & Kevin F. Bieniek, How Public Helath Science Evaluates Evidence, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 25(3): 564-589 (2019). What Does Deontological Ethics Mean? Is there a case to be made for “justified harm” in any of these leagues? Deontology deals with intentions and motives. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Don’t steal. [13] Michael L. Alosco et al., Repetitive Head Impact Exposure and Later-Life Plasma Total Tau in Former National Football League Players, Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment and Disease Monitoring, 7: 33-40 (2017). âThese theories are sometimes called deontological, from the Greek word deon, or duty, in view of the foundational nature of our duty or obligation.â âIn the business ethics literature, one finds two dominant approaches to evaluate the ethical nature of one's conduct: teleological ethics and deontological ethics.â There is a definite contrast between utilitarianism, even Millâs version, and Kantâs system of ethics, known as deontology, in which duty, obligation, and good will are of the highest importance. These studies are broken down by football league level: Given the results of the studies above, it is not surprising that there has been a strong outcry against football. The NFL and universities, among others, urge no rash actions until there is more concrete proof of a causal link between concussions and adverse health outcomes. Given the obvious conflict of interest, the studies have been criticized on that ground. However, the science in this area is truly not settled. [10] David W. Lawrence et al., Descriptive Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Injuries and Concussions in the National Football League, 2021-2014, Orthopedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2015:3(5):2325967115583653. âThe Golden Ruleâ (do unto others as you would have them do unto you) is an example of deontology; itâs a moral rule meant to be followed in all situations, for everyone to live moral lives. 5. Why or why not? [86] Ted Tatos, Playing Games with College Athletes’ Lives, The American Prospect, May 20, 2020. [44] Julie Mack, What Parents Need to Know about Football, Concussions and Head Injuries, mlive.com, Nov. 24, 2019, at https://www.mlive.com/news/2019/11/what-parents-need-to-know-about-football-and-head-injuries.html (quoting neuroscientist Julie Stamm). Why or why not. 1. It is sometimes described as duty-, obligation-, or rule-based ethics. Which approach do you think should be used to determine the ethicality of banning, or at least seriously reforming, football to reduce head trauma? While some researchers and universities feel as though they should refrain from making such amber purchases, their failure to participate enables many private collectors to remove collections from the public or to charge researchers an exorbitant fee for access. This favoritism has created ethnic and religious conflicts resulting in government-enforced discrimination. Some people accuse the media (and others) of hysterically overhyping the dangers of tackle football to the brain. Do it because it's the right thing to ⦠In general, the goal of deontology is to create a rational set o⦠[21] Adnan A. Hirad, A Common Neural Signature of Brain Injury in Concussion and Subconcussion, Science Advances 5(8), Aug. 2019. It has been suggested at both the NFL and collegiate level that team physicians are faced with conflicting loyalties. [6] Mayo Clinic, at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370921. One suggested solution to the concussion problem is to outlaw helmets on the theory that players will be forced to reduce headfirst collisions and other trauma-causing actions. âDeontologyâ is commonly used in moral philos- ophy to refer to nonconsequentialist moral concep- tions. What is deontology? The term deontology comes from the Greek word deon, meaning duty. The co-chair of the NFL’s Health and Safety Advisory Committee has said that the committee thinks helmets are part of the culture and tradition and will not be outlawed in the foreseeable future. [54] Marc Siegel, Concussions and Football: New Helmets, New Tools, The Hill, Aug. 19, 2019. A 2017 study found CTE in 21% of donated brains of deceased high school football players. And for the same reason, a helmet alone will not prevent CTE.”[55] Furthermore, while the NFL has banned helmet-to-helmet hits, these are neither the only nor the most common cause of concussions. Furthermore, many of the miners in the Kachin region, on both sides of the conflict, are not fully aware of the value of the amber that they are selling and are therefore being exploited by the wholesalers who purchase from them. [93] Daniel Goldberg, What Does the Precautionary Principle Demand of Us? [40] Thomas L. Schwenk, Depression and Pain in Retired Professional Football Players, Medicine & Science in Sports & Leisure, 39(4): 599-605 92007)(but finding that when coupled with difficult with pain, problems with sleep and social relations often followed). [84] Ted Tatos, Playing Games with College Athletes’ Lives, The American Prospect, May 20, 2020. Gender ethics is one of ethical problems that is most prevalent in the society where females live is a society that denies them education, economic, and marital equity. Deontological (duty-based) ethics are concerned with what people do, not with the consequences of their actions. (See also: Consequentialism , Ethical Relativism, and Virtue Ethics. However, ethics is loosely defined as established standards of right and wrong that spell out what people s⦠Actions that obey these rules are ethical, while actions that do not, are not. Deontological ethics, or deontology, is the normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules, rather than based on the consequences of the action. Deontological Ethics There are two major ethics theories that attempt to specify and justify moral rules and principles: utilitarianism and deontological ethics. Some argue against paternalism and in favor of individual choice, believing that adults (at least) should be able to choose to engage in boxing (and presumably to play football) despite its potentially adverse consequences for brain health. This ethical theory is most closely ⦠A study of 3,904 Wisconsin men found no significant harmful association between playing football in high school and cognitive impairment or depression later in life. Is this ever a consideration that buyers should take into account? [49], The NFL has taken other concrete steps to respond to the controversy. [47] There is also evidence that the NFL sought to influence the findings of some of the research it funded. Deontology: Definition, Theory, Ethics & Examples December 10, 2020 / in Feeds / by Grace Wahito. [12] Jesse Mez et al., Duration of American Football Play and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopothy, Annals of Neurology, 2019; DOI: 10.1002/ana.25611. [65] Daniel Goldberg, What Does the Precautionary Principle Demand of Us? The primary difference between deontology and utilitarianism, two competing systems of ethics, is that the former system is concerned with whether an act is intrinsically right or wrong, while the latter system believes that only the consequences of an act are important. You can hack the network and cancel the launch, but it’s against your professional code of ethics to break into any software system without permission. Reducing tackling in practices has reduced overall concussion numbers among high school players, even though the number of concussions in games has risen slightly. [52] Janine Armstrong, NFL Concussion Protocol Explained: How Does It Work?, Sportcasting, Oct. 13, 2019, at https://www.sportscasting.com/nfl-concussion-protocol-explained-how-does-it-work/. Again, these studies are broken down by league level: Studies such as these provide ammunition for those who defend organized football as an institution. [3], A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is “a disruption in the normal function of the brain that can be caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head, or penetrating head injury.”[4] A concussion is a form of TBI where the blow causes the brain to move rapidly back and forth, bouncing around in the skull and suffering various types of structural damage. Deontological ethics (from the Greek Deon meaning obligation) or Deontology is an ethical theory holding that decisions should be made solely or primarily by considering one's duties and the rights of others. [85] Michael Cunningham, Player Safety Takes Back Seat as NCAA Rushes to Allow Campus Workouts, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, May 22, 2020 (quoting Huma). You think you know the difference between right and wrong, don't you? Deontology is simple to apply. If so, how would you go about guarding against it have a deleterious impact? 2.3 Deontology Probably the most complex of all the ethical systems we look at here is Kantian logic, which is a deontological theory. 4. Deontology is often associated with philosopher Immanuel Kant. Then, take a ⦠[72] Daniel Goldberg, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, the National Football League, and the Manufacture of Doubt: An Ethical, Legal, and Historical Analysis, Journal of Legal Medicine, 34: 157-191 (2013). They do not presupposeany particular position on moral ontology or on moral epistemology.Presumably, a deontologist can be a moral realist of either thenatural (moral properties are identical to natural properties) ornonnatural (moral properties are not themselves natural propertieseven if they are nonreductively related to natural properties)variety. Ethics, Population Health Policy, and Sports-Related TBI, in Sociolcultural Examinations of Sports Concussions (Matt Ventresca & Mary McDonald eds, 2020). [62] Matt Ventresca, The Curious Case of CTE: Mediating Materialities of Traumatic Brain Injury, Communication & Sport, 7(2): 135-156 (2019). [20] Philip H. Montenigro et al., Cumulative Head Impact Exposure Predicts Later-Life Depression, Apathy, Executive Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment in Former High School and College Players, Journal of Neurotraumua 34(2) (2017). Ethics, Population Health Policy, and Sports-Related TBI, in Sociolcultural Examinations of Sports Concussions (Matt Ventresca & Mary McDonald eds, 2020). Ethics, Population Health Policy, and Sports-Related TBI, in Sociolcultural Examinations of Sports Concussions (Matt Ventresca & Mary McDonald eds, 2020); Alan Schwarz et al., N.F.L.’s Flawed Concussion Research and Ties to Tobacco Industry, New York Times, March 24, 2016. As told in the movies, a significant scientific breakthrough occurred in 2002 when an African-American neuropathologist in Pittsburgh named Bennet Omalu (played by Will Smith in the 2015 movie “Concussion”) performed an autopsy on Hall of Fame center Mike Webster. We Know Little About the Long-term Effects of Concussions, Statnews, Sept.27, 2019. Ethics, Population Health Policy, and Sports-Related TBI, in Sociolcultural Examinations of Sports Concussions (Matt Ventresca & Mary McDonald eds, 2020). Thus, deontological theories and duties have existed for many centuries. [89] Mariana Brussoni et al., Risky Play and Children’s Safety: Balancing Priorities for Optimal Child Development, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9:3134-3148 (2012). [33] William Stewart et al., Primum Non Nocere: A Call for Balance When Reporting on CTE, Lancet Neurology, 18:231-232 (2019). Or a deontologist can be an expressivist, a constructivist, atranscendentalist, a conventionalist, or a Divine command the⦠Information and translations of Deontological ethics in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. 8 short videos present the 7 principles of values-driven leadership from Giving Voice to Values by Mary Gentile. [82] Stephen S. Hanson, ‘He Didn’t Want to Let His Team Down’: The Challenge of Dual Loyalty for Team Physicians, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 45(3): 215-227 (2018). 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